U.S. Census Bureau

Decennial census, Population Estimates Program, and the American Community Survey. Population, demographics, migration, income, housing, and households for the nation, states, counties, and places.

https://www.census.gov/ · Federal

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American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates

Annual survey estimates of household income, housing costs, and age structure for geographies of 65,000 people or more, covering the nation and every state.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates
Geography: Nation and states, including the District of Columbia
Time coverage: 2010-2019, 2021-2024
Update frequency: Annual
Published: September 11, 2025
Retrieved: September 8, 2026
Original file: https://api.census.gov/data/{year}/acs/acs1?get=NAME,{variables}&for=state:*|us:*&key=... (2021-2024 instead pulled from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/, see caveats)
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: census-acs1, built by scripts/fetch-census-acs.py

Caveats

All values are single-year survey estimates and carry margins of error not stored here; small states and small differences between years can be within the margin of error.
Dollar figures (economy.median_household_income, housing.median_home_value, housing.median_gross_rent) are in that survey year's dollars and are not adjusted for inflation across years.
1-year estimates are not comparable to 5-year estimates (see census-acs5) for the same geography or metric: different reference periods produce different figures even when nothing changed.
There is no standard 2020 ACS 1-year release; the Census Bureau replaced it with experimental estimates because of COVID-19 data collection disruption, and 2020 is omitted here rather than substituted.
2010-2019 were pulled from the Census Data API (api.census.gov), which requires an API key; 2021-2024 were pulled from Census's keyless bulk table-based Summary File (www2.census.gov), which only exists in that convenient one-file-per-table layout from 2021 onward and was already on hand. For 2023 both sources were fetched and every value compared; they agreed exactly.
economy.poverty_rate and economy.uninsured_rate are derived from detailed tables B17001 and B27001 rather than the Census subject tables S1701/S2701, because the subject tables' column numbering for these percentages has changed across vintages (confirmed: S2701's 'percent uninsured' column moves from C03 to C05 between 2014 and 2015, and the table does not exist before 2013), while the detailed-table variable numbers used here are stable back to at least 2010.
All rate and share metrics (percent unit) are rounded to one decimal place by this puller; level metrics are stored exactly as published.

Measures

Median household income (usd): Median household income in the past 12 months, in that survey year's inflation-adjusted dollars (B19013_001E).
Median home value (usd): Median value of owner-occupied housing units, as estimated by the owner (B25077_001E).
Median gross rent (usd): Median gross rent (contract rent plus utilities) for renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent (B25064_001E).
Homeownership rate (percent): Owner-occupied housing units as a percent of all occupied housing units: B25003_002E / B25003_001E * 100.
Renters paying 30%+ of income on rent (percent): Share of renter households spending 30 percent or more of household income on gross rent: the sum of B25070's 30.0-34.9, 35.0-39.9, 40.0-49.9 and 50.0-percent-or-more categories, divided by the table total minus the 'not computed' category, times 100.
Housing units (count): Total housing units, occupied and vacant (B25001_001E).
Housing vacancy rate (percent): Vacant housing units as a percent of all housing units: B25002_003E / B25002_001E * 100.
Median age (years): Median age of the total population (B01002_001E).
Population under 18 (percent): Population under 18 years old as a percent of total population, summed across B01001's under-5, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age categories for both sexes, divided by B01001_001E, times 100.
Population 65 and older (percent): Population 65 years and older as a percent of total population, summed across B01001's 65-66 through 85-and-over age categories for both sexes, divided by B01001_001E, times 100.
Poverty rate (percent): Population below the poverty level in the past 12 months as a percent of the population for whom poverty status is determined: B17001_002E / B17001_001E * 100.
Uninsured rate (percent): Civilian noninstitutionalized population with no health insurance coverage as a percent of that population, summed across B27001's 9 age bands for both sexes, divided by B27001_001E, times 100.

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American Community Survey, 5-Year Estimates

Multi-year survey estimates of household income, housing costs, and age structure with sample size sufficient for small geographies, covering every Idaho county, Idaho, and the nation.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: American Community Survey, 5-Year Estimates
Geography: Idaho counties (all 44), Idaho, and the nation
Time coverage: 2010-2014, 2015-2019, 2020-2024
Update frequency: Annual, as a rolling 5-year window
Published: January 29, 2026
Retrieved: September 8, 2026
Original file: https://api.census.gov/data/{endyear}/acs/acs5?get=NAME,{variables}&for=county:*&in=state:16|state:16|us:*&key=... (2020-2024 instead pulled from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/, see caveats)
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: census-acs5, built by scripts/fetch-census-acs.py

Caveats

All values are 5-year-window survey estimates and carry margins of error not stored here.
Dollar figures (economy.median_household_income, housing.median_home_value, housing.median_gross_rent) are in the dollars of the window's final year and are not adjusted for inflation across windows.
5-year estimates are not comparable to 1-year estimates (see census-acs1) for the same geography or metric, even when the final year matches: different reference periods produce different figures.
The 2010-2014 and 2015-2019 windows were pulled from the Census Data API (api.census.gov), which requires an API key; the 2020-2024 window was pulled from Census's keyless bulk table-based Summary File (www2.census.gov), which only exists in that convenient one-file-per-table layout from that window onward and was already on hand.
economy.poverty_rate and economy.uninsured_rate are derived from detailed tables B17001 and B27001 rather than the Census subject tables S1701/S2701, for cross-vintage column-numbering stability (documented in the puller's docstring); this also means they are available even though this puller does not use subject tables at all.
No suppressed or missing values were found for any of Idaho's 44 counties for any metric in any of the three windows: all 12 metrics x 46 geographies (44 counties, Idaho, and the nation) are populated in each window. Smaller counties remain more sensitive to sampling error even where a value is published; consult the source's margin of error before treating small differences between counties as real.
All rate and share metrics (percent unit) are rounded to one decimal place by this puller; level metrics are stored exactly as published.

Measures

Median household income (usd): Median household income in the past 12 months, in the window's final-year inflation-adjusted dollars (B19013_001E).
Median home value (usd): Median value of owner-occupied housing units, as estimated by the owner (B25077_001E).
Median gross rent (usd): Median gross rent (contract rent plus utilities) for renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent (B25064_001E).
Homeownership rate (percent): Owner-occupied housing units as a percent of all occupied housing units: B25003_002E / B25003_001E * 100.
Renters paying 30%+ of income on rent (percent): Share of renter households spending 30 percent or more of household income on gross rent: the sum of B25070's 30.0-34.9, 35.0-39.9, 40.0-49.9 and 50.0-percent-or-more categories, divided by the table total minus the 'not computed' category, times 100.
Housing units (count): Total housing units, occupied and vacant (B25001_001E).
Housing vacancy rate (percent): Vacant housing units as a percent of all housing units: B25002_003E / B25002_001E * 100.
Median age (years): Median age of the total population (B01002_001E).
Population under 18 (percent): Population under 18 years old as a percent of total population, summed across B01001's under-5, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age categories for both sexes, divided by B01001_001E, times 100.
Population 65 and older (percent): Population 65 years and older as a percent of total population, summed across B01001's 65-66 through 85-and-over age categories for both sexes, divided by B01001_001E, times 100.
Poverty rate (percent): Population below the poverty level in the past 12 months as a percent of the population for whom poverty status is determined: B17001_002E / B17001_001E * 100.
Uninsured rate (percent): Civilian noninstitutionalized population with no health insurance coverage as a percent of that population, summed across B27001's 9 age bands for both sexes, divided by B27001_001E, times 100.

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Decennial Census population counts

The official resident population count for Idaho and its 44 counties at each decennial census, as opposed to the Population Estimates Program's between-census estimates.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Decennial Census population counts
Geography: Idaho and its 44 counties
Time coverage: 1870-2020
Update frequency: Decennial
Published: March 26, 2026
Retrieved: September 8, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc-3-14.pdf
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/about/history.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: census-decennial, built by scripts/fetch-census-decennial.py

Caveats

State totals for 1870-2000 are from PHC-3-14, "Population and Housing Unit Counts, Idaho: 2000" (U.S. Census Bureau, issued September 2003), Table 1. State totals for 2010 and 2020 are from the Census Bureau's 2020 Census apportionment product, apportionment.csv, released 2026-03-26 (its historical table also carries 1910-2000, not used here since PHC-3-14 already covers those years).
County totals are available for 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 from PHC-3-14 Table 2, and for 2010 and 2020 from the Population Estimates Program's CENSUS2010POP and ESTIMATESBASE2020 columns (co-est2019-alldata.csv and co-est2025-alldata.csv, the same files census-pep.json cites). County population for 1870-1950 was skipped: the only Census Bureau file found that tabulates all 44 counties that far back, "Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990" (March 1996), is a scan of a 1996 report whose OCR text could not be reliably aligned to a census year for every county, so it was not used rather than risk shipping a wrong figure.
2020 county values are the Population Estimates Program's April 1, 2020 estimates base (ESTIMATESBASE2020), the Bureau's own postcensal representation of the 2020 Census count, not the originally tabulated redistricting file; every 2020 county observation carries a note to this effect. The gap is small: statewide, this base is 1,839,123 against the 1,839,106 officially delivered for apportionment (see disagreements).
Some individual county and state figures were later revised by the Census Bureau from what was originally published for that census; PHC-3-14 flags these with an 'r' in its own tables, and this dataset carries the revised figure with a note, not the original.

Where sources disagree

population.decennial_count, 16, 1970: U.S. Census Bureau, Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990 (March 1996) publishes 712567. This dataset uses PHC-3-14's 713,015. The 1996 compilation, and the 2020 Census apportionment product's historical table, both give 712,567 for the same census.
population.decennial_count, 16, 1980: U.S. Census Bureau, Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990 (March 1996) publishes 943935. This dataset uses PHC-3-14's 944,127. The 1996 compilation, and the 2020 Census apportionment product's historical table, both give 943,935 for the same census.
population.decennial_count, 16, 1990: U.S. Census Bureau, Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990 (March 1996) publishes 1006749. This dataset uses PHC-3-14's 1,006,734, itself marked as a post-hoc revision in that table. The 1996 compilation, and the 2020 Census apportionment product's historical table, both give 1,006,749 for the same census.
population.decennial_count, 16019, 1970: U.S. Census Bureau, Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990 (March 1996) publishes 51250. This dataset uses PHC-3-14 Table 2's 52,457 for Bonneville County. The 1996 compilation gives 51,250 for the same census; this is one of the pre-1960 figures in that scanned report this dataset otherwise chose not to rely on.

Measures

Decennial census population (people): Resident population as counted at the decennial census.

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Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025 (with Vintage 2019 for 2010-2019)

Annual July 1 resident population and its components of change (births, deaths, net migration) for the nation, states, counties and incorporated places, produced by the Census Bureau between decennial censuses.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Population Estimates Program, Vintage 2025 (with Vintage 2019 for 2010-2019)
Geography: Nation, states, counties, and the ten largest Idaho incorporated places
Time coverage: 2010-2025
Update frequency: Annual
Published: May 14, 2026
Retrieved: September 8, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2025/counties/totals/co-est2025-alldata.csv
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: census-pep, built by scripts/fetch-census-pep.py

Caveats

Population totals for 2010-2019 are the Vintage 2019 intercensal series (nst-est2019-alldata.csv and co-est2019-alldata.csv), the Census Bureau's final pre-2020-Census estimates, released 2019-12-30 (states/nation) and 2020-03-26 (counties). Totals for 2020-2025 are the Vintage 2025 series (NST-EST2025-ALLDATA.csv and co-est2025-alldata.csv), released 2026-01-27 (states/nation) and 2026-03-26 (counties). The two series are built independently around the 2010 and 2020 Censuses respectively and are not reconciled to each other, so a value for 2019 and a value for 2020 at the same geography can show an implausible jump or drop that is a seam between series, not real population change.
City (incorporated place) totals cover 2020-2025 only, from the Vintage 2025 sub-county file (sub-est2025_16.csv), released 2026-05-14; no 2010-2019 city series is included.
Components of change (births, deaths, natural change, domestic migration, international migration, net migration) are published only for the nation, Idaho, and Idaho's 44 counties, not for the other 49 states, matching what this site pulls.
The component period for estimate year Y normally runs from July 1 of year Y-1 to June 30 of year Y. The single exception is 2020: its components run from April 1, 2020 (Census Day) to June 30, 2020, a 3-month stub, because it is the first estimate after the 2020 Census; every 2020 component observation carries a note saying so.
2010-2019 files label the births-minus-deaths column NATURALINC; 2020-2025 files label it NATURALCHG. Both are mapped to metric population.natural_change; the underlying definition (births minus deaths over the period) is unchanged.
The ten largest Idaho places are Boise City, Meridian, Nampa, Caldwell, Idaho Falls, Pocatello, Coeur d'Alene, Twin Falls, Post Falls and Rexburg, ranked by each place's own 2025 Vintage 2025 estimate; their place FIPS codes were read directly from sub-est2025_16.csv, not assumed.
Group quarters estimates, the RESIDUAL column, and the published birth/death/migration rates (per 1,000 population) are not pulled.
Puerto Rico, which appears in the national/state files as SUMLEV 040 STATE 72, is skipped because it is not in data/geographies.json.

Where sources disagree

population.total, 16, 2020: 2020 Census apportionment counts (census-decennial dataset, apportionment.csv) publishes 1839106. The Vintage 2025 Population Estimates Program's April 1, 2020 base for Idaho (ESTIMATESBASE2020) is 1,839,123, 17 more than the 1,839,106 the Census Bureau delivered as Idaho's official 2020 Census apportionment count. This estimates-base figure is not itself shipped as an observation (it is not a July 1 estimate), but the same small, unreconciled gap likely carries into this dataset's 2020-2025 state and county totals, which build forward from that base.

Measures

Population (people): Resident population as of July 1 of the given year.
Births (people): Births during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).
Deaths (people): Deaths during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).
Natural change (people): Births minus deaths during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).
Domestic migration (people): Net movement from other U.S. counties and states during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).
International migration (people): Net movement to or from outside the United States during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).
Net migration (people): Domestic plus international net migration during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).

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Annual Survey of School System Finances, Table 8 (Per Pupil Current Spending)

Current spending per pupil for public elementary-secondary school systems, by state and the US total, for each fiscal year 2010 through the newest year Census has published.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Annual Survey of School System Finances, Table 8 (Per Pupil Current Spending)
Geography: Nation and every state (50 states plus the District of Columbia)
Time coverage: 2010-2024
Update frequency: Annual
Published: May 7, 2026
Retrieved: September 8, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/school-finances/tables/2024/secondary-education-finance/elsec24_sumtables.xlsx
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/school-finances/technical-documentation/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: census-school-finance, built by scripts/fetch-census-school-finance.py

Caveats

Current spending excludes capital outlay and interest on school debt; it is not total expenditure. It covers instruction (salaries, wages, employee benefits), student support, instructional staff support, general administration, and school administration.
Each fiscal year's figure is read from that fiscal year's own summary workbook (Table 8), not from a later vintage's revised rolling-window table; the two can differ by a small amount for the same year (for example, fiscal year 2020's US figure is 13,500.99 in the FY2020 workbook versus 13,500.81 in the FY2023 workbook's Table 20), and this dataset does not reconcile the difference.
Census's fiscal year label spans two calendar years for a school year (fiscal year 2024 is roughly July 2023 through June 2024); period is Census's own fiscal year number, not a school-year start year, unlike this project's other education datasets.
publisherUpdated is Census's press-release date for the newest fiscal year (2024) covered here; each earlier fiscal year in the series was published on its own earlier date, not tracked individually.
The file Census links per fiscal year is not named consistently: fiscal years 2010-2015 use an 'elsec{yy}_sttables' file, 2016-2021 use 'elsec{yy}_sumtables.xls', and 2022 onward use 'elsec{yy}_sumtables.xlsx'; all three vintages carry the same Table 8 in a sheet named "8".

Measures

Per-pupil spending (usd): Current spending per pupil for public elementary-secondary school systems, by fiscal year (Census's own fiscal-year numbering, e.g. 2024 for the school year ending in mid-2024).

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