U.S. Census Bureau

Decennial census, Population Estimates Program, and the American Community Survey. Population, demographics, migration, income, housing, and households for the nation, states, counties, and places.

https://www.census.gov/ · Federal

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American Community Survey, 1-year

Annual survey estimates of household income, housing costs, age structure, and race and Hispanic origin for geographies of 65,000 people or more, covering the nation, every state, and Idaho's largest cities.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates
Geography: Nation and states, including the District of Columbia, plus the five Idaho places with population over 65,000: Boise City, Caldwell, Idaho Falls, Meridian and Nampa
Time coverage: 2010-2019, 2021-2024
Update frequency: Annual
Published: September 11, 2025
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b19013.dat
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates

Caveats

Values are single-year American Community Survey (ACS) estimates; margins of error are not shown.
Dollar figures are in that survey year's dollars, not adjusted for inflation across years.
One-year estimates are not comparable to the Census Bureau's 5-year estimates for the same geography or measure, even when the years overlap.
There is no standard 2020 ACS 1-year release: the Census Bureau replaced it with experimental COVID-19 estimates, so 2020 is omitted here.
One file is read for each year, and for 2010 through 2019 each year's figures come from a separate Census API request that requires a Census Bureau API key.
Place figures are for the incorporated city as the Census Bureau defines its boundary, not the metro area or county.
Which of Idaho's places clear the 65,000-person floor for 1-year estimates can vary by year.
The race and ethnicity breakdown uses the Census table that separates Hispanic or Latino origin from race, not the standalone race table, whose categories double-count people who are also Hispanic or Latino.
The homeowner vacancy rate is vacant units for sale as a share of owner-occupied units plus those vacant units; the rental vacancy rate is vacant units for rent as a share of renter-occupied units plus those vacant units. Neither is comparable to the overall housing vacancy rate, which is a share of all housing units, occupied and vacant.
Mean travel time to work covers workers 16 years and older who commuted to a workplace; it excludes people who worked from home.

Measures

Median household income (usd): Median household income in the past 12 months, in that survey year's inflation-adjusted dollars. (B19013_001E)
Median home value (usd): Median value of owner-occupied housing units, as estimated by the owner. (B25077_001E)
Median gross rent (usd): Median gross rent (contract rent plus utilities) for renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent. (B25064_001E)
Homeownership rate (percent): Owner-occupied housing units as a percent of all occupied housing units. (B25003_002E / B25003_001E × 100)
Owner-occupied homes (count): Owner-occupied housing units. (B25003_002E)
Renters paying 30%+ of income on rent (percent): Share of renter households spending 30 percent or more of household income on gross rent: the sum of the survey's four rent-burden brackets from 30 percent up, divided by the table total minus the 'not computed' category, times 100. (B25070 (30.0-34.9, 35.0-39.9, 40.0-49.9 and 50.0-percent-or-more categories))
Renter households paying 30%+ of income on rent (count): Renter households paying 30 percent or more of income on gross rent: the sum of the survey's four rent-burden brackets from 30 percent up. (B25070_007E-010E)
Housing units (count): Total housing units, occupied and vacant. (B25001_001E)
Housing vacancy rate (percent): Vacant housing units as a percent of all housing units. (B25002_003E / B25002_001E × 100)
Vacant housing units (count): Vacant housing units. (B25002_003E)
Median age (years): Median age of the total population. (B01002_001E)
Population under 18 (percent): Population under 18 years old as a percent of total population, summed across the survey's under-5, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age categories for both sexes. (B01001 (under-5, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age categories) / B01001_001E × 100)
Population under 18 (people): Population under 18 years old, summed across the survey's under-5, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age categories for both sexes. (B01001 (under-5, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age categories))
Population 65 and older (percent): Population 65 years and older as a percent of total population, summed across the survey's 65-66 through 85-and-over age categories for both sexes. (B01001 (65-66 through 85-and-over age categories) / B01001_001E × 100)
Population 65 and older (people): Population 65 years and older, summed across the survey's 65-66 through 85-and-over age categories for both sexes. (B01001 (65-66 through 85-and-over age categories))
Poverty rate (percent): Population below the poverty level in the past 12 months as a percent of the population for whom poverty status is determined. (B17001_002E / B17001_001E × 100)
People in poverty (people): Population below the poverty level in the past 12 months. (B17001_002E)
Uninsured rate (percent): Civilian noninstitutionalized population with no health insurance coverage as a percent of that population, summed across the survey's nine age bands for both sexes. (B27001 (9 age bands) / B27001_001E × 100)
People without health insurance (people): Civilian noninstitutionalized population with no health insurance coverage, summed across the survey's nine age bands for both sexes. (B27001 (9 age bands))
Population by race and Hispanic origin (people): Population by race and Hispanic or Latino origin: eight mutually exclusive categories (White alone, Black or African American alone, American Indian and Alaska Native alone, Asian alone, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, some other race alone and two or more races, all not Hispanic or Latino, plus Hispanic or Latino of any race) that sum to the total population. (B03002_003E-009E and 012E)
Homeowner vacancy rate (percent): Vacant units for sale as a percent of owner-occupied units plus those vacant units. (B25004_004E / (B25003_002E + B25004_004E) × 100)
Rental vacancy rate (percent): Vacant units for rent as a percent of renter-occupied units plus those vacant units. (B25004_002E / (B25003_001E − B25003_002E + B25004_002E) × 100)
Mean travel time to work (minutes): Mean travel time to work in minutes for workers 16 years and older who commuted to a workplace. (B08013_001E / B08012_001E)
Median monthly owner costs, homes with a mortgage (usd): Median monthly cost of owning a home with a mortgage: mortgage payments, real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, fuel, and condominium or mobile home fees where they apply. (B25088_002E)
Homeowners paying 30%+ of income on housing (percent): Share of owner households, with or without a mortgage, spending 30 percent or more of household income on monthly owner costs: the survey's brackets from 30 percent up, divided by all owner households whose share could be computed, times 100. (B25091 (30.0-percent-and-over categories, with and without a mortgage))
Owner households paying 30%+ of income on housing (count): Owner households, with or without a mortgage, spending 30 percent or more of household income on monthly owner costs. (B25091_008E-011E, 019E-022E)

American Community Survey, 5-year

Multi-year survey estimates of household income, housing costs, age structure, and race and Hispanic origin with sample size sufficient for small geographies, covering every Idaho county and place, Idaho, and the nation.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: American Community Survey, 5-Year Estimates
Geography: Idaho counties (all 44), all 10 Idaho places tracked by this site, Idaho, and the nation
Time coverage: 2010-2014, 2015-2019, 2020-2024
Update frequency: Annual, as a rolling 5-year window
Published: January 29, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b19013.dat
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: American Community Survey, 5-Year Estimates

Caveats

Values are 5-year-window American Community Survey (ACS) estimates with margins of error not shown; small counties are more sensitive to sampling error than the state total.
Dollar figures are in the dollars of the window's final year, not adjusted for inflation across windows.
Five-year estimates are not comparable to the Census Bureau's 1-year estimates for the same geography or measure, even when the final year matches.
One file is read for each year and table; the 2010-2014 and 2015-2019 windows come from a Census API request that requires a Census Bureau API key.
Place figures are for the incorporated city as the Census Bureau defines its boundary, not the metro area or county.
The 5-year product has no population floor, unlike the 65,000-person floor for the Census Bureau's 1-year estimates, so all ten Idaho places appear here.
The race and ethnicity breakdown uses the Census table that separates Hispanic or Latino origin from race, not the standalone race table, whose categories double-count people who are also Hispanic or Latino.
The homeowner vacancy rate is vacant units for sale as a share of owner-occupied units plus those vacant units; the rental vacancy rate is vacant units for rent as a share of renter-occupied units plus those vacant units. Neither is comparable to the overall housing vacancy rate, which is a share of all housing units, occupied and vacant.
Mean travel time to work covers workers 16 years and older who commuted to a workplace; it excludes people who worked from home.

Measures

Median household income (usd): Median household income in the past 12 months, in the window's final-year inflation-adjusted dollars. (B19013_001E)
Median home value (usd): Median value of owner-occupied housing units, as estimated by the owner. (B25077_001E)
Median gross rent (usd): Median gross rent (contract rent plus utilities) for renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent. (B25064_001E)
Homeownership rate (percent): Owner-occupied housing units as a percent of all occupied housing units. (B25003_002E / B25003_001E × 100)
Owner-occupied homes (count): Owner-occupied housing units. (B25003_002E)
Renters paying 30%+ of income on rent (percent): Share of renter households spending 30 percent or more of household income on gross rent: the sum of the survey's four rent-burden brackets from 30 percent up, divided by the table total minus the 'not computed' category, times 100. (B25070 (30.0-34.9, 35.0-39.9, 40.0-49.9 and 50.0-percent-or-more categories))
Renter households paying 30%+ of income on rent (count): Renter households paying 30 percent or more of income on gross rent: the sum of the survey's four rent-burden brackets from 30 percent up. (B25070_007E-010E)
Housing units (count): Total housing units, occupied and vacant. (B25001_001E)
Housing vacancy rate (percent): Vacant housing units as a percent of all housing units. (B25002_003E / B25002_001E × 100)
Vacant housing units (count): Vacant housing units. (B25002_003E)
Median age (years): Median age of the total population. (B01002_001E)
Population under 18 (percent): Population under 18 years old as a percent of total population, summed across the survey's under-5, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age categories for both sexes. (B01001 (under-5, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age categories) / B01001_001E × 100)
Population under 18 (people): Population under 18 years old, summed across the survey's under-5, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age categories for both sexes. (B01001 (under-5, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-17 age categories))
Population 65 and older (percent): Population 65 years and older as a percent of total population, summed across the survey's 65-66 through 85-and-over age categories for both sexes. (B01001 (65-66 through 85-and-over age categories) / B01001_001E × 100)
Population 65 and older (people): Population 65 years and older, summed across the survey's 65-66 through 85-and-over age categories for both sexes. (B01001 (65-66 through 85-and-over age categories))
Poverty rate (percent): Population below the poverty level in the past 12 months as a percent of the population for whom poverty status is determined. (B17001_002E / B17001_001E × 100)
People in poverty (people): Population below the poverty level in the past 12 months. (B17001_002E)
Uninsured rate (percent): Civilian noninstitutionalized population with no health insurance coverage as a percent of that population, summed across the survey's nine age bands for both sexes. (B27001 (9 age bands) / B27001_001E × 100)
People without health insurance (people): Civilian noninstitutionalized population with no health insurance coverage, summed across the survey's nine age bands for both sexes. (B27001 (9 age bands))
Population by race and Hispanic origin (people): Population by race and Hispanic or Latino origin: eight mutually exclusive categories (White alone, Black or African American alone, American Indian and Alaska Native alone, Asian alone, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, some other race alone and two or more races, all not Hispanic or Latino, plus Hispanic or Latino of any race) that sum to the total population. (B03002_003E-009E and 012E)
Homeowner vacancy rate (percent): Vacant units for sale as a percent of owner-occupied units plus those vacant units. (B25004_004E / (B25003_002E + B25004_004E) × 100)
Rental vacancy rate (percent): Vacant units for rent as a percent of renter-occupied units plus those vacant units. (B25004_002E / (B25003_001E − B25003_002E + B25004_002E) × 100)
Mean travel time to work (minutes): Mean travel time to work in minutes for workers 16 years and older who commuted to a workplace. (B08013_001E / B08012_001E)
Median monthly owner costs, homes with a mortgage (usd): Median monthly cost of owning a home with a mortgage: mortgage payments, real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, fuel, and condominium or mobile home fees where they apply. (B25088_002E)
Homeowners paying 30%+ of income on housing (percent): Share of owner households, with or without a mortgage, spending 30 percent or more of household income on monthly owner costs: the survey's brackets from 30 percent up, divided by all owner households whose share could be computed, times 100. (B25091 (30.0-percent-and-over categories, with and without a mortgage))
Owner households paying 30%+ of income on housing (count): Owner households, with or without a mortgage, spending 30 percent or more of household income on monthly owner costs. (B25091_008E-011E, 019E-022E)

State government spending (ASFIN)

Total state government expenditure for the nation and every state, from the Census Bureau's survey of state government finances.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Annual Survey of State Government Finances
Geography: Nation and every state (the District of Columbia has no state-government row in this survey; see caveats)
Time coverage: Fiscal years 2012 to 2024
Update frequency: Annual
Original file: https://api.census.gov/data/timeseries/govsstatefin?get=AGG_DESC,AMOUNT&for=state:*&time=2024&GOVTYPE=002&CATEGORY=02
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: Annual Survey of State Government Finances

Caveats

This total differs from the Office of the Idaho State Controller's Annual Comprehensive Financial Report in fund basis and scope; both figures are kept, see disagreements.
Periods are labeled by the Census Bureau's reference year, not each state's own fiscal year end.
Coverage is fiscal years 2012 to 2024; earlier years use a different item-code layout and are not included.
District of Columbia is excluded: the Census Bureau does not treat it as a state government for this survey.
The Census Bureau's Data API requires a registered key; one request is made per year.

Where sources disagree

State government expenditure (total), Idaho, FY2024: Office of the Idaho State Controller, Annual Comprehensive Financial Report publishes $13.3 billion. The Census Bureau's Annual Survey of State Government Finances gives Idaho total expenditure of 14,699,129 thousand dollars for fiscal year 2024, versus the report's governmental-funds spending of 13,331,872 thousand dollars. The survey's total covers general, utility and liquor store expenditure on the Census classification and excludes insurance trust spending; the report's figure is governmental funds only, on the state's own fund basis. Both are kept.

Measures

State government expenditure (total) (usd thousands): Total state government expenditure: general expenditure plus utility expenditure plus liquor store expenditure, excluding insurance trust expenditure, for the state fiscal year. (AGG_DESC SF0132)

State government workforce (ASPEP)

State government full-time-equivalent employment and March payroll for the nation and every state, from the Census Bureau's employment survey.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Annual Survey of Public Employment & Payroll
Geography: Nation and every state (the District of Columbia has no state-government row in this survey; see caveats)
Time coverage: 1992-2025
Update frequency: Annual
Original file: https://api.census.gov/data/timeseries/govsemp?get=FTE,FT_PAY&for=state:*&time=2025&GOVTYPE=002&AGG_DESC=EP0005
Methodology: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/apes/technical-documentation/methodology/25_methodology.pdf
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: Annual Survey of Public Employment & Payroll

Caveats

This survey, known as ASPEP, measures full-time-equivalent employment for the pay period including March 12, not the Annual Comprehensive Financial Report's June 30 full-time headcount; the two are different statistics.
Full-time-equivalent employment before 2019 summed full-time employees and part-time hours reported; from 2019 on, part-time hours are not collected and full-time-equivalent employment is modeled from 2014-2018 data.
The Census Bureau did not conduct this survey in 1996; no observation exists for that year.
The District of Columbia has no state-government row: this survey classifies its government entirely as local, not state.
The Census Bureau's Data API requires a registered key; one request is made per year.

Where sources disagree

State government employment (FTE), Idaho, 2025: Office of the Idaho State Controller, Annual Comprehensive Financial Report publishes 22,045. The Census Bureau's Annual Survey of Public Employment and Payroll gives Idaho state government 26,543 full-time-equivalent employees for the pay period including March 12, 2025, versus 22,045 state employees in the fiscal year 2025 report. The survey counts every state government unit including higher education and computes full-time equivalents from hours; the report gives its own headcount on its own basis and date. Both are kept.

Measures

State government employment (FTE) (count): Full-time-equivalent state government employment, all governmental functions combined, for the pay period including March 12 of the survey year. (AGG_DESC EP0005, variable FTE)
State government payroll (March) (usd): Gross full-time state government payroll, all governmental functions combined, for the one-month pay period including March 12 of the survey year, in current dollars. (AGG_DESC EP0005, variable FT_PAY)

Building permits (BPS)

New privately owned housing units authorized by building permits each year, by the number of units in the building, from the Census Bureau's survey of local permit-issuing offices.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Building Permits Survey, Annual
Geography: Nation, all 50 states and DC, Idaho's 44 counties and 19 Idaho cities
Time coverage: 1980-2025
Update frequency: Annual
Published: May 14, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/econ/bps/
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: Building Permits Survey, Annual

Caveats

A permit authorizes construction; it is not a completed home. Some permitted units are started late or never built, and the Census Bureau does not track that at the state or county level.
Counts cover only places that issue building or zoning permits. The Census Bureau puts more than 99 percent of new privately owned homes nationally in such places; construction where no permit is required is not counted, so a rural county's figure can understate what was built there.
Figures include the Census Bureau's imputation for permit offices that did not report every month of the year; they are estimates, not a count of every permit.
Manufactured (mobile) homes are not included, nor are additions, conversions or group quarters such as dormitories.
State and county history starts in 1980 and 1990; city figures start in 2010, the first year the city files carry the identifiers used to match a city across years.
The set of permit-issuing places surveyed was redrawn in 1984, 1994, 2004 and 2014 (from about 16,000 places in 1978 to about 20,100) and is updated every year since 2023, so part of a long-run rise can reflect wider coverage rather than more building.

Measures

Housing units authorized by building permits (count): New privately owned housing units authorized by building permits during the year, in buildings of every size.
Housing units authorized, by size of building (count): New privately owned housing units authorized during the year, by the number of units in the building: single-family houses, duplexes, three and four unit buildings, and buildings of five units or more.

Business establishments (CBP)

Annual counts of business establishments with paid employees, by industry, for the nation, states, and counties, drawn from the Census Bureau's Business Register.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: County Business Patterns
Geography: Nation, states, and Idaho's 44 counties; the sector breakdown is Idaho and the nation only
Time coverage: 2017-2023
Update frequency: Annual
Published: March 6, 2025
Original file: https://api.census.gov/data/2023/cbp?get=NAME,ESTAB,ESTAB_F&for=state:*&NAICS2017=00
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp/technical-documentation/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: County Business Patterns

Caveats

An establishment is a single physical business location with paid employees; it excludes the self-employed with no employees, most government employment, and railroad, agricultural production, and private household employment.
Counts are as of the reference week including March 12, not an annual average.
Employment and payroll are not included: the Census Bureau perturbs and suppresses these figures for small cells; this site carries employment from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) instead.
The sector breakdown covers only 2-digit sectors of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS); Manufacturing, Retail trade, and Transportation/warehousing are each published under combined codes.
The Census Bureau's Data API requires a registered key; one request is made per geography scope.

Measures

Business establishments (count): Number of business establishments with paid employees, all sectors combined, as of the reference week including March 12.
Business establishments by sector (count): Number of business establishments with paid employees by 2-digit NAICS sector, as of the reference week including March 12.

Idaho decennial census population

The official resident population count for Idaho and its 44 counties at each decennial census, as opposed to the Population Estimates Program's between-census estimates.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Decennial Census population counts
Geography: Idaho and its 44 counties
Time coverage: 1870-2020
Update frequency: Decennial
Published: March 26, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc-3-14.pdf
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/about/history.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: Decennial Census population counts

Caveats

State totals for 1870-2000 are from the Census Bureau's 2003 report "Population and Housing Unit Counts, Idaho: 2000" (report PHC-3-14); totals for 2010 and 2020 are from the 2020 Census apportionment product (2026).
County totals cover 1960-2020 only; no source used here tabulates all 44 counties for an earlier census.
2020 county values are the Population Estimates Program's postcensal estimates base, not the original 2020 Census redistricting tabulation.
Some county and state figures are the Census Bureau's later revision of the originally published census count, not the original figure.

Where sources disagree

Decennial census population, Idaho, 1970: U.S. Census Bureau, Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990 (March 1996) publishes 712,567. This dataset uses the 2003 report's 713,015. The 1996 compilation, and the 2020 Census apportionment product's historical table, both give 712,567 for the same census.
Decennial census population, Idaho, 1980: U.S. Census Bureau, Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990 (March 1996) publishes 943,935. This dataset uses the 2003 report's 944,127. The 1996 compilation, and the 2020 Census apportionment product's historical table, both give 943,935 for the same census.
Decennial census population, Idaho, 1990: U.S. Census Bureau, Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990 (March 1996) publishes 1,006,749. This dataset uses the 2003 report's 1,006,734, itself marked as a post-hoc revision in that table. The 1996 compilation, and the 2020 Census apportionment product's historical table, both give 1,006,749 for the same census.
Decennial census population, Bonneville County, 1970: U.S. Census Bureau, Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990 (March 1996) publishes 51,250. This dataset uses the 2003 report's Table 2 figure of 52,457 for Bonneville County. The 1996 compilation gives 51,250 for the same census; this is one of the pre-1960 figures in that scanned report this dataset otherwise chose not to rely on.

Measures

Decennial census population (people): Resident population as counted at the decennial census.

Census Gazetteer land and water area

Land and water area for every state, the District of Columbia, and Idaho's 44 counties, as the legal/statistical areas the Census Bureau computes from its map boundaries in effect January 1 of the vintage year. State and national figures come from a separate file in the same release; the county figures come from Idaho's own county file.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Gazetteer Files, 2025 and 2026 (counties and states)
Geography: Every state, the District of Columbia, and Idaho's 44 counties
Time coverage: 2025-2026
Update frequency: Annual, with each TIGER vintage
Published: September 8, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2026_Gazetteer/2026_gaz_counties_16.txt
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/technical-documentation/records-layout/gaz-record-layouts.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: Gazetteer Files, 2025 and 2026 (counties and states)

Caveats

Area follows the legal boundary vintage in effect January 1, 2026, and can change from one vintage to the next when a boundary is corrected, even where nothing changed on the ground.
The Census Bureau measures land and water area in square meters, then converts to the square-mile figures this dataset stores, as the Bureau prints them, to three decimals.
The 2026 state and national file carries no United States total row, so no nation-level observation is stored; Puerto Rico is excluded because Understand Idaho does not track it as a geography.
Each vintage is kept under its own year rather than replaced, so a derived figure whose other input lags (population density from the Population Estimates) still has a year both inputs share.

Measures

Land area (square miles): Land area of the legal/statistical entity, as the Census Bureau computes it from the TIGER boundary.
Water area (square miles): Water area of the legal/statistical entity, as the Census Bureau computes it from the TIGER boundary.

Census population estimates (PEP)

Annual July 1 resident population and its components of change (births, deaths, net migration) for the nation, states, counties and incorporated places, produced by the Census Bureau between decennial censuses.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Population Estimates Program
Geography: Nation, all 50 states and the District of Columbia, Idaho's 44 counties, and the ten largest Idaho incorporated places
Time coverage: 2010-2025
Update frequency: Annual
Published: May 14, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2025/counties/totals/co-est2025-alldata.csv
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: Population Estimates Program

Caveats

Totals for 2010-2019 are Vintage 2019 estimates and 2020-2025 are Vintage 2025; the two series are not reconciled, so a change at the seam includes the vintage revision.
City (incorporated place) totals cover 2020-2025 only; no 2010-2019 city series is included.
Components of change are published for the nation, states and Idaho's 44 counties; other states' county components are not included.
The ten places are Boise City, Meridian, Nampa, Caldwell, Idaho Falls, Pocatello, Coeur d'Alene, Twin Falls, Post Falls and Rexburg, the ten largest by 2025 population estimate.
Group quarters estimates, the residual component, population-based rates, and Puerto Rico are not included.
The national domestic migration cell is 0 by construction (moves between states net to nothing) and is not stored as an observation; the United States has international migration and natural change only.

Where sources disagree

Population, Idaho, 2020: U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census apportionment counts publishes 1,839,106. The Vintage 2025 Population Estimates Program's April 1, 2020 population base for Idaho is 1,839,123, 17 more than the 1,839,106 the Census Bureau delivered as Idaho's official 2020 Census apportionment count. This population base is not itself shipped as an observation (it is not a July 1 estimate), but it is the starting point this dataset's 2020-2025 state and county totals build forward from, so the same 17-person gap is not reconciled in those totals.

Measures

Population (people): Resident population as of July 1 of the given year.
Births (people): Births during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).
Deaths (people): Deaths during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).
Natural change (people): Births minus deaths during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).
Domestic migration (people): Net movement from other U.S. counties and states during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).
International migration (people): Net movement to or from outside the United States during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).
Net migration (people): Domestic plus international net migration during the 12 months ending June 30 of the given year (April 1-June 30, 2020 for the 2020 value).

Public school per-pupil spending

Current spending per pupil for public elementary-secondary school systems, by state and the US total, for each fiscal year 2010 through the newest year Census has published. Published as "Annual Survey of School System Finances, Table 8 (Per Pupil Current Spending)".

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Annual Survey of School System Finances
Geography: Nation and every state (50 states plus the District of Columbia)
Time coverage: 2010-2024
Update frequency: Annual
Published: May 7, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/school-finances/tables/2024/secondary-education-finance/elsec24_sumtables.xlsx
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/school-finances/technical-documentation/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: Annual Survey of School System Finances

Caveats

Current spending excludes capital outlay and interest on school debt; it covers instruction, student and instructional staff support, and administration.
Each fiscal year is that year's own summary-table figure, not a later revised vintage; figures can differ slightly between tables for the same year.
Census's fiscal year spans two calendar years (fiscal year 2024 is July 2023 through June 2024); period is the fiscal year number, not a school-year start year.

Measures

Per-pupil spending (usd): Current spending per pupil for public elementary-secondary school systems, by fiscal year (Census's own fiscal-year numbering, e.g. 2024 for the school year ending in mid-2024).

State-to-state migration flows

Annual counts of people who moved into or out of Idaho in the year before the survey, by the other state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, U.S. island area or foreign country they moved from or to.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: State-to-State Migration Flows, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
Geography: Idaho only, broken down by the other state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, a U.S. island area or a foreign country
Time coverage: 2005-2019, 2021-2024
Update frequency: Annual
Published: January 21, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/geographic-mobility/2024/state-to-state-migration/State_to_State_Migration_Table_2024_T13.xlsx
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/topics/population/migration/guidance/state-to-state-migration-flows.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: State-to-State Migration Flows, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

Caveats

There is no standard 2020 American Community Survey 1-year release: the Census Bureau replaced it with experimental COVID-19 estimates, so 2020 is omitted here.
Each figure is a 1-year survey estimate and carries a published margin of error, sometimes larger than the estimate itself for a small flow; margins of error are in the source workbook but not shown here.
A flow the source workbook could not estimate from too few sample cases is left out entirely for that year rather than shown as zero.
Moves from Idaho are counted only to another state, the District of Columbia or Puerto Rico: this is a survey of the U.S. population, so a person who moved from Idaho to a foreign country in the past year is not in the next year's sample to be counted moving out.
The 2005-2009 tables do not break out moves from a U.S. island area or a foreign country as their own categories at all; those two categories begin with the 2010 table.
Editions before 2022 print the two abroad categories as U.S. Island Area and Foreign Country; they are stored under the current edition's wording, U.S. Island Areas and Foreign country, so each is one series.

Measures

Movers into Idaho (people): People who moved to Idaho in the year before the survey, by the state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, U.S. island area or foreign country they lived in the year before. (Table 1)
Movers out of Idaho (people): People who moved from Idaho in the year before the survey, by the state, the District of Columbia or Puerto Rico they now live in. (Table 1)

State tax collections (STC)

State government tax collections by tax type, state fiscal year, from the Census Bureau's annual survey of the 50 state governments.

Organization: U.S. Census Bureau
Dataset: Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections
Geography: Nation and states (state government only; excludes local governments; the District of Columbia is not a state government in this survey and has no rows)
Time coverage: Fiscal years 2005 to 2025
Update frequency: Annual
Published: April 15, 2026
Original file: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/stc/datasets/historical/State-Government-Tax-Collections.zip
Methodology: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/stc/technical-documentation/methodology.html
License: Public domain. U.S. federal government work.
Our copy: Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections

Caveats

State government tax collections only, in current dollars (thousands); local property and local-option sales taxes are excluded.
Fiscal year windows differ by state: most end June 30, but Alabama and Michigan end September 30, New York ends March 31, and Texas ends August 31.
This dataset starts at fiscal year 2005, when the Census Bureau redefined its state government finance classification; earlier years use a different, non-comparable classification.
T14 (Pari-mutuels Sales Tax) was folded into T18 (Sports Betting Sales Tax) beginning fiscal year 2023.
The tax-type breakdown uses the source's detail categories only, not its subtotal categories; the published total is not a sum of these categories, and a suppressed cell is omitted, never recorded as zero.

Measures

Total state government tax collections (usd thousands): Total tax collections by state government, all tax types combined, state fiscal year. Source: Census Bureau Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections.
State government tax collections by tax type (usd thousands): Tax collections by state government broken out by Census's tax-item classification (property; general and selective sales and gross receipts; license; individual and corporation income; and other taxes such as severance and death and gift), state fiscal year.

This page was last updated October 20, 2026.